You can get it back same day, if Bank is open. You need your passport, and half an hour time. 

When we traveled in China first time, this happened to my friend. In bank they were very understandable, he brought passport, explained situation and got it back immediately. It was bank's atm and foreign card.

In Europe however, same happened to me, needed 3 days and whole procedure to get it back, including involving home bank.

My guess is, you can get it back if it is bank's atm, however if it is some side street or shopping mall atm, then u might have a bit of a problem.

This all depends.  If the machine "captures" the card as it is called, if you are using an ATM in a bank that is open at the time, then you can try to find one of the officers of the bank and ask them to retrieve the card.  You will need documentation.

If the machine captures the card after hours, then the process is more arduous, particularly if this occurs on the weekend.  The worst case scenario is that you would need to void this card and then obtain a new one with a new number, quite the process.

Back in texas it happened to me once. I was working with a guy that worked for the bank taking out the cash. Funny thing was this guy was also in the military....he was just a useful guy. We worked for transportation and I got him to put a bus stop near where I lived. What you do is you have to go to the bank the next day. They only open that machine at a certain time to take out the money. When that happens you have to wait one day then retrieve it from the bank.